14: Notes and Bibliography
- The purpose of source citations
- Chicago’s two systems of source citation
- Other systems of source citation
- Flexibility and consistency
- Citation management tools
- Electronic resource identifiers
- Uniform resource locators (URLs)
- Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs)
- Permalinks and the like
- Short forms for URLs
- Library and other bibliographic databases
- Access dates
- “Last modified” and other revision dates
- Authority and permanence
- Preserving a permanent record
- Publications available in more than one medium
- URLs and other such elements in relation to surrounding text
- URLs and line breaks
- Notes and bibliography—an overview
- Basic structure of a note
- Basic structure of a bibliography entry
- Page numbers and other locators
- Notes and bibliography—examples and variations
- Numbers in text versus numbers in notes
- Sequencing of note numbers and symbols
- Placement of note number
- Note numbers with chapter and article titles and subheads
- Multiple citations and multiple note references
- When to use shortened citations
- Basic structure of the short form
- Cross-reference to full citation
- Short form for authors’ names
- Short form for titles of works
- Shortened citations versus “ibid.”
- “Idem”
- “Op. cit.” and “loc. cit.”
- Citations plus commentary in a note
- Quotation within a note
- Substantive notes
- Paragraphing within long notes
- Footnotes that break across pages in a printed work
- “See” and “cf.”
- Footnotes and endnotes—an overview
- Footnotes—pros and cons
- Endnotes—pros and cons
- Endnote placement
- Running heads for endnotes
- Special considerations for endnotes
- Endnotes plus footnotes
- Footnotes plus author-date citations
- Editor’s or translator’s notes plus author’s notes
- Unnumbered notes
- Notes keyed to text by line or page numbers
- Source notes for previously published material
- Biographical notes and acknowledgments
- Avoiding overlong notes
- Several citations in one note
- Citing sources in the text rather than in the notes
- Abbreviations for frequently cited works
- List of abbreviations
- Relationship of bibliographies to notes
- Format and placement of bibliography
- Dividing a bibliography into sections
- Kinds of bibliographies
- Alphabetical order for bibliography entries
- Arrangement of bibliography entries with more than one author
- The 3-em dash in bibliographies—some caveats
- The 3-em dash for one repeated name
- The 3-em dash for more than one repeated name
- The 3-em dash for an institutional name
- Alphabetical order for titles by the same author
- Author’s name—overview and related discussions
- Form of author’s name
- Authors preferring initials
- One author
- Two or more authors (or editors)
- Two or more authors (or editors) with same family name
- Author’s name in title
- No listed author (anonymous works)
- Pseudonyms
- Cross-references for pseudonyms
- Alternative real names
- Authors known by a given name
- Organization as author
- Additional discussion of titles
- Italics versus quotation marks for titles of cited works
- Capitalization of titles of cited works
- Some permissible changes to titles of cited works
- Subtitles in cited works and the use of the colon
- Two subtitles in a cited work
- Use of “or” with double titles
- “And other stories” and such
- Dates in titles of cited works
- Quoted titles and other terms within cited titles of works
- Italicized titles and other terms within cited titles of works
- Question marks or exclamation points in titles of cited works
- Older titles and very long titles
- Non-English titles of cited works
- Translated titles of cited works
- Elements to include when citing a book
- Form of author’s name and title of book in source citations
- Non-English bibliographic terms and abbreviations
- Editor in place of author
- Editor or translator in addition to author
- Other contributors listed on the title page
- Chapter in a single-author book
- Contribution to a multiauthor book
- Several contributions to the same multiauthor book
- Book-length work within a book
- Introductions, prefaces, afterwords, and the like
- Letters in published collections
- Online-only supplement to a book
- Editions other than the first
- Reprint editions and modern editions
- Microform editions
- Volume numbers and page numbers
- Citing a multivolume work as a whole
- Citing a particular volume in a note
- Citing a particular volume in a bibliography
- Chapters and other parts of individual volumes
- One volume in two or more books
- Authors and editors of multivolume works
- Series titles, numbers, and editors
- Series or multivolume work?
- Multivolume work within a series
- “Old series” and “new series”
- Place, publisher, and date
- Place and date only, for books published before 1900
- Place of publication—city
- When to specify state, province, or country of publication
- City names in languages other than English
- No place of publication
- Preferred form of publisher’s name
- Abbreviations and omissible parts of a publisher’s name
- “And” or ampersand in publisher’s name
- Non-English publishers’ names
- Self-published or privately published books
- Parent companies, imprints, and such
- Special academic imprints and joint imprints
- Copublication
- Distributed books
- Publication date—general
- New impressions and renewal of copyright
- Multivolume works published over more than one year
- No date of publication
- Forthcoming publications
- Arabic versus roman numerals
- Citing a range of page numbers or other specific locators
- Page references with “ff.” and “passim”
- Abbreviations for “page,” “volume,” and so on
- When to omit “p.” and “pp.”
- When to omit “vol.”
- Page and chapter numbers
- Signed signatures
- Numbered leaves, or folios
- Line numbers
- Citing numbered notes
- Citing illustrations and tables
- Books requiring a specific application or device (e-books)
- Page or location numbers in electronic formats
- Books consulted online
- Freely available electronic editions of older works
- Books on CD-ROM and other fixed media
- “Periodicals” defined
- Information to be included
- Journals versus magazines
- Basic structure of a periodical citation
- Journal article—author’s name
- Journal article—title
- Title of journal
- Journal volume, issue, and date
- Forthcoming journal articles
- Journal article preprints
- Journal page references
- Journal articles consulted online
- Access dates for journal articles
- Article page numbers in relation to volume or issue numbers
- Journal special issues
- Journal supplements
- Articles published in installments
- Article appearing in two publications
- Place where journal is published
- Translated or edited article
- New series for journal volumes
- Short titles for articles
- Abstracts
- Electronic supplements or enhancements to journal articles
- Basic citation format for magazine articles
- Magazine articles consulted online
- Magazine departments
- Basic citation format for newspaper articles
- Newspaper headlines
- Titles of newspapers
- Non-English titles of newspapers
- Regular columns or features
- Letters to the editor and readers’ comments
- Weekend supplements, magazines, and the like
- Citing a newspaper article in text rather than in a bibliography
- Unsigned newspaper articles
- News services and news releases
- Basic citation format for reviews
- Book reviews
- Reviews of plays, movies, television programs, concerts, and the like
- Unsigned reviews
- Websites, blogs, and social media defined
- Titles for websites, blogs, and social media
- Citing web pages and websites
- Citing blog posts and blogs
- Citing social media content
- Electronic mailing lists and forums
- Unpublished interviews
- Unattributed interviews
- Published or broadcast interviews
- Personal communications
- Theses and dissertations
- Unpublished manuscripts
- Lectures and papers or posters presented at meetings
- Working papers and the like
- Private contracts, wills, and such
- Pamphlets, reports, and the like
- Overview and additional resources
- Note forms versus bibliography entries
- Specific versus generic titles for manuscript collections
- Dates for manuscript collections
- Folios, page numbers, and such for manuscript collections
- “Papers” and “manuscripts”
- Location of depositories
- Collections of letters and the like
- Examples of note forms for manuscript collections
- Examples of bibliography entries for manuscript collections
- Letters and the like in private collections
- Reference works consulted in physical formats
- Reference works consulted online
- Citing individual reference entries by author
- Citing paintings, photographs, and sculpture
- Citing exhibition catalogs
- Citing maps
- Biblical references—additional resource
- Bible chapter and verse
- Versions of the Bible
- Other sacred works
- Where to cite classical references
- Identifying numbers in classical references
- Abbreviations in classical references
- Punctuation in classical references
- Citing specific editions of classical references
- Titles of classical works and collections
- Superscripts in classical references
- Collections of inscriptions
- Fragments of classical texts
- Modern editions of the classics
- Medieval references
- Citing editions of classic English poems and plays
- Short forms for citing classic English poems and plays
- Published scores
- Unpublished scores
- Citing data from a scientific database
- Patents
- Standards
- Citations taken from secondary sources
- Multimedia—elements of the citation
- Discographies, filmographies, and the like
- Musical recordings
- Recorded readings, lectures, audiobooks, and the like
- Video and film recordings
- Live performances
- Videos, podcasts, and other online multimedia
- Multimedia app content
- Recommended stylebooks
- Legal and public documents online
- Note form for legal-style citations
- Typefaces in legal-style citations
- Page numbers and other locators in legal-style citations
- Abbreviations in legal-style citations
- Short forms for legal-style citations
- Cases or court decisions—basic elements
- United States Supreme Court decisions
- Lower federal-court decisions
- State- and local-court decisions
- Constitutions
- Legislative documents—abbreviations
- Laws and statutes
- Bills and resolutions
- Hearings
- Congressional reports and documents
- Congressional debates since 1873
- Records of congressional debates before 1873
- State laws and municipal ordinances
- Presidential documents
- Treaties
- Secondary sources and freestanding publications
- Unpublished government documents
- Canadian reference works
- Canadian legal cases
- Canadian statutes
- Unpublished Canadian government documents
- UK reference works
- UK legal cases
- UK parliamentary publications
- UK statutes
- Publication of UK parliamentary debates
- UK command papers
- Unpublished UK government documents
- Intergovernmental bodies
- United Nations documents