12: Quotations and Dialogue
- Overview
- 12.1Scope of this chapter—and where else to look
- 12.2Quotations and modern scholarship
- 12.3Giving credit and seeking permission
- 12.4When to paraphrase rather than quote
- 12.5When quotation and attribution is unnecessary
- 12.6Ensuring accuracy of quotations
- Permissible Changes to Quotations
- 12.7Permissible changes to punctuation, capitalization, and spelling
- 12.8Permissible changes to typography and layout
- Quotations in Relation to Text
- Run In or Set Off
- 12.9Run-in and block quotations defined
- 12.10Choosing between run-in and block quotations
- Assimilation into the Surrounding Text
- 12.11Logical and grammatical assimilation of quoted text
- 12.12Integrating tenses and pronouns from quoted text
- Quotations and Punctuation
- 12.13Punctuation relative to closing quotation marks
- 12.14Comma to introduce a quotation
- 12.15No comma to introduce a quotation
- 12.16Colon to introduce a quotation
- 12.17Period rather than colon to introduce a block quotation
- Initial Capital or Lowercase Letter
- 12.18Changing capitalization to suit syntax—an overview
- 12.19Initial capital or lowercase—run-in quotations
- 12.20Initial capital or lowercase—block quotations
- 12.21Brackets to indicate a change in capitalization
- Block Quotations
- 12.22Block quotations of more than one paragraph
- 12.23Block quotations beginning in text
- 12.24Text following a block quotation or extract
- Poetry Extracts
- 12.25Setting off poetry
- 12.26Uniform indents for poetry
- 12.27Long lines and runovers in poetry
- 12.28Quotation marks in poems
- 12.29Run-in poetry quotations
- Quotation Marks
- Double or Single Quotation Marks
- 12.30Quotations and “quotes within quotes”
- 12.31Quotation marks in block quotations
- Run-In Quotations of More than One Paragraph
- 12.32Quotation marks across paragraphs
- 12.33Quoting more than one stanza of poetry
- 12.34Quoting letters in their entirety
- Quotation Marks Omitted
- 12.35Epigraphs
- 12.36Decorative initials (“drop caps” and raised initials)
- 12.37Maxims, questions, and the like
- 12.38Publicity reviews and blurbs
- Dialogue and Other Forms of Direct Discourse
- 12.39Fictional dialogue versus other forms of direct quotation
- 12.40Quotation marks for dialogue
- 12.41Speaker tags
- 12.42Interrupted speech
- 12.43Faltering speech and incomplete thoughts
- 12.44Stuttering and the like
- 12.45Dialogue across multiple paragraphs
- 12.46Quotations within dialogue
- 12.47Single-word speech
- 12.48Alternatives to quotation marks for dialogue
- 12.49Unspoken discourse
- 12.50Formatting text messages and the like as dialogue
- 12.51Numerals and abbreviations in quoted speech and dialogue
- 12.52Parentheses in dialogue
- 12.53Indirect discourse
- Drama, Discussions and Interviews, and Field Notes
- 12.54Drama
- 12.55Shared lines and runover lines in verse drama
- 12.56Discussions and interviews
- 12.57Interviews transcribed by authors
- 12.58Case studies and ethnographic field notes
- Ellipses
- 12.59Ellipses defined
- 12.60Danger of skewing meaning with ellipses
- 12.61When not to use an ellipsis
- 12.62Ellipses with periods
- 12.63Ellipses with other punctuation
- 12.64Ellipses at the ends of deliberately incomplete sentences
- 12.65Ellipses for the omission of whole or partial paragraphs
- 12.66Ellipses in poetry and verse drama
- 12.67Bracketed ellipses
- 12.68Spaced periods versus the ellipsis character
- 12.69Ellipses in mathematical expressions
- Interpolations and Clarifications
- 12.70Missing or illegible words
- 12.71Bracketed clarifications
- 12.72“Sic”
- 12.73“Italics added”
- 12.74Interpolations requiring quotation marks
- Attributing Quotations in Text
- 12.75Use of parentheses with in-text citations
- 12.76Full in-text citation
- 12.77Shortened citations or “ibid.” with subsequent in-text citations
- 12.78Frequent reference to a single source cited in a note
- Sources Following Run-In Quotations
- 12.79Punctuation following source of run-in quotation
- 12.80Punctuation preceding source of run-in quotation
- Sources Following Block Quotations and Poetry Extracts
- 12.81Parenthetical source following a block quotation
- 12.82Parenthetical citations with poetry extracts
- 12.83Shortened references to poetry extracts