Commas

A. The conjunction “so” can normally begin a sentence without the help of a comma—as can an introductory “and” or “but.” But that doesn’t rule out a comma in every case. Compare these two sentences:

“So where do you want to go next?”
“So, where do you want to go next?”

The comma after “so” in the second example puts the emphasis on that word, making it read as a sort of interjection. In fiction and related genres—particularly in dialogue—this distinction can be important. (See “ ‘Erg, no kidding?’ Interjections in Creative Writing” at CMOS Shop Talk.) In more ordinary prose, however (including your example), such a comma can usually be omitted.

Note that a comma is always omitted when the initial “so” is used as an ordinary conjunction in the sense of “with the result that” or “in order that” rather than as a purely introductory word:

So I wouldn’t miss my stop, I closed my book.

[This answer relies on the 17th edition of CMOS (2017) unless otherwise noted.]

A. Yes, an introductory “also” would normally be followed by a comma. The relevant rule is the one that applies to an introductory adverb like the word yes in the previous sentence (see CMOS 6.34). Note, however, that after an introductory adverbial phrase rather than a single word, the comma can often be omitted, particularly if the phrase is short (see CMOS 6.31). So,

As of late 1999 our Y2K fears still seemed warranted.

but

Also, many of us were new to computers back then.

[This answer relies on the 17th edition of CMOS (2017) unless otherwise noted.]

A. We admire the economy of such a habit, but we can’t endorse it. Not that there isn’t a precedent for such usage. As recently as the nineteenth century, spaces before commas were common, at least in French. Guide pratique du compositeur d’imprimerie, a manual on typesetting by the printer Théotiste Lefèvre that was first published in 1855, reveals as much in a footnote that appears in a section on English composition:

That first line of text (in a detail from page 182) says that in English practice there’s no space between a comma (“virgule” in French) and the word that it’s next to (i.e., the word that it follows). Footnote number 3 steps in to allow M. Lefèvre to observe that not only is this unfortunate (“vicieux” is as bad as it sounds), but worse, it’s happening more and more in French works.

In Lefèvre’s book, space appears before commas, with two exceptions: (a) where the line of type is too crowded to allow for any and (b) next to r’s, v’s, and y’s. The latter were exempt, “parce que ces trois lettres portent un blanc suffisamment fort par en bas” (i.e., those three letters already leave enough space along the baseline; see Lefèvre, p. 30).

Go back even earlier in time, and the practice was to remove the space after the comma also—à la your academic friend—but only to accommodate very tight lines of justified text. In English, such commas with no space before or after can be seen in the earliest printings of the King James Bible (1611). This same usage could be seen at about the same time in Spanish in the novel Don Quixote (1605 for the first volume).

Back to the present: nobody puts spaces before commas in published prose anymore, and there are only two common scenarios in which the space after the comma is customarily omitted: next to a closing quotation mark, “like this,” and between digits in numbers like 1,132.

[This answer relies on the 17th edition of CMOS (2017) unless otherwise noted.]

A. Though the serial comma has officially been Chicago style since 1906 (when the first edition of the Manual was published), we prefer to omit it before an ampersand (see CMOS 6.21). The serial comma—the one before the conjunction in a series of three or more (it’s also known as the Oxford comma)—suggests thoroughness (some consider it to be unnecessary); the ampersand, by contrast, is an abbreviation (derived from the Latin word et, or “and”). The two together, then, make for an odd pairing of the thorough and the minimal. Either remove the comma or spell out the word “and.”

[This answer relies on the 17th edition of CMOS (2017) unless otherwise noted.]

A. Not usually. For example, both of the following would be correct:

But I don’t want to meddle.

And to avoid getting my feet wet, I wore boots.

The rule is the same as when the conjunction introduces an independent clause within a sentence (usually following a comma; see CMOS 6.22):

I’d tell you how to punctuate this sentence, but I don’t want to meddle.

I carried an umbrella, and to avoid getting my feet wet, I wore boots.

but

I carried an umbrella and, to avoid getting my feet wet, wore boots.

It wouldn’t be strictly wrong to add a comma after the conjunction in the second and fourth examples (see CMOS 6.26), but Chicago usually prefers to omit it unless the conjunction joins a compound predicate (as in the fifth example; see CMOS 6.32). The same logic could be extended to similar constructions that might otherwise call for two commas. For example,

But Jerome, we haven’t yet discussed commas.

Some editors would add a comma before “Jerome” (see CMOS 6.53), but unless you’re applying or enforcing a comma-heavy style, you can omit it.

[This answer relies on the 17th edition of CMOS (2017) unless otherwise noted.]

A. First, direct your publisher to CMOS 6.28, which says that Chicago doesn’t allow a construction like “My wife’s, Deb’s, father.” Then, point them to our recent (December 2020) analysis of the subject at CMOS Shop Talk: “Your Dog[,] Smurf: Understanding Commas with Appositives.” According to that post, so-called spousal commas can be omitted wherever they seem awkward or unnecessary. In sum, if your inclination is to write “My wife Deb’s father,” you have Chicago’s blessing.

[This answer relies on the 17th edition of CMOS (2017) unless otherwise noted.]

A. The rules on comma usage in CMOS (chapter 6) favor writing over speaking. The goal is to provide readers with the minimum number of signposts required to navigate sentence structure. Sentence structure is logical. Pauses or breaths, on the other hand, tend to be personal. Though commas will often correspond to pauses, no two people will read the same sentence in precisely the same way.

For most types of expository writing, we’d advise following a consistent set of rules that assign commas based on sentence structure rather than pauses or breaths (or what some would refer to as rhythm). This approach will support the goal of producing clear, unambiguous prose.

But in fiction and poetry and other forms of creative writing, there’s more room for stylistic variation. Some writers apply commas with a light touch; others punctuate more closely. Henry James was a stylist of the latter type:

It led, in short, in the course of the October afternoon, to his closer meeting with May Bartram, whose face, a reminder, yet not quite a remembrance, as they sat, much separated, at a very long table, had begun merely by troubling him rather pleasantly. (“The Beast in the Jungle,” in The Better Sort [Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1903], 190)

This sentence might be edited to conform to Chicago style as follows:

It led in short, in the course of the October afternoon, to his closer meeting with May Bartram, whose face, a reminder yet not quite a remembrance as they sat much separated at a very long table, had begun merely by troubling him rather pleasantly.

James famously dictated his writing by that point in his career; one can imagine him pausing over each successive layer of meaning as he spoke the words aloud. But when the goal is primarily to make sure readers understand the text rather than to provide a record of the creative process, all those extra commas can get in the way.

So unless you’re dealing with an accomplished prose stylist, you might say to your recalcitrant authors that whereas at least some of their readers will be annoyed by superfluous or random commas, few if any will miss them when they’re gone. For another take on this subject, see “Sure, You Got A’s in English—But Do You Know Where Commas Go?” at CMOS Shop Talk.

[This answer relies on the 17th edition of CMOS (2017) unless otherwise noted.]

A. When a pair of correlative conjunctions like not . . . but, either . . . or, or both . . . and joins two independent clauses, the clauses should be separated by a comma unless they are very short and closely related. In other words, the rule about independent clauses takes precedence (see CMOS 6.22).

This situation arises when the subject of the first clause follows rather than precedes the opening conjunction. In that case, another subject (often the same one) is required after the coordinating conjunction, which is then preceded by a comma:

Not only did we camp in the woods, but we also canoed down the river.

Either we will camp in the woods, or we will canoe down the river.

Compare the same sentences but with the subject moved to precede the opening conjunction:

We not only camped in the woods but also canoed down the river.

We will either camp in the woods or canoe down the river.

In that case, the subject isn’t repeated, so no comma is needed (see CMOS 6.23 and 6.46). For more information about correlative conjunctions, see CMOS 5.199 and 5.244.

[This answer relies on the 17th edition of CMOS (2017) unless otherwise noted.]

A. Your author’s style seems fine to us. The word that—whether as a relative pronoun or, as in your examples, as a subordinating conjunction—is often omitted. Relative pronoun: “The room [that] I entered was shadowy.” Subordinating conjunction: “I was so hungry [that] I nearly fainted.”

In the first case, a comma in place of that would be clearly wrong; commas never set off a restrictive relative clause (called a contact clause when the relative pronoun is omitted). But a comma in the second example might add a bit of clarity, especially if the clauses were longer and you didn’t have the option of retaining that.

Nor would we necessarily consider your sentences as having comma splices; they’re more like compound sentences with elided conjunctions. If you’re consistent with your author’s prose and suggest rephrasing wherever clarity is at stake, her style will begin to seem natural, allowing the story to take center stage.

[This answer relies on the 17th edition of CMOS (2017) unless otherwise noted.]

A. When “or” is used to introduce an equivalent rather than an alternative, a comma is strictly correct. Compare the following examples:

To get to the stadium, you can take a train or a bus.

To get to the stadium, you can take the elevated train, or el.

In the first example, “a bus” is an alternative to “a train”; it is not another way of writing “a train.” A comma is therefore unnecessary. In the second example, “el” is equivalent to “elevated train,” so the comma is correct. Still, such a comma may be omitted in certain cases, provided the meaning remains clear. You may want to do this, for example, to avoid comma clutter in text that mentions more than a few such equivalents. In an example like yours, which presents not two equivalent terms but three—all in a single sentence—the comma before “or” remains strictly correct. But it’s a little fussy and could be omitted if done so consistently.

[This answer relies on the 17th edition of CMOS (2017) unless otherwise noted.]