Q. I edit documents in a corporate environment, and I have ongoing arguments with authors over the extensive use of and/or. I’m not convinced it should be used anywhere. What does CMOS think about it?
A. We use it occasionally but avoid it when possible. In the CMOS chapter on grammar and usage, Bryan Garner suggests that and/or “can often be replaced by and or or with no loss in meaning. Where it seems needed {take a sleeping pill and/or a warm drink}, try or . . . or both {take a sleeping pill or a warm drink or both}.”
[This answer relies on the 17th edition of CMOS (2017) unless otherwise noted.]
Q. If an author uses a rare word like “prevaricators” when “liars”
would be more clear, should an editor change it? The author’s audience is college graduates, not necessarily
English or journalism majors.
A. Dumbing down someone’s prose should be done for a reason, never simply as a policy. A writer might
use a five-dollar word for the sake of rhythm, humor, allusion, or precision. “Prevaricator”
is a good word (and it isn’t the same as “liar,” although
they overlap in meaning). It would be a shame to banish it from the language. So query it if you think “liars”
is a better choice, but be prepared to say why.
[This answer relies on the 17th edition of CMOS (2017) unless otherwise noted.]
Q. My projects include a lot of descriptions of real property. The author, the reviewer, and I are butting heads about using
“a rectangularly shaped parcel” instead of “a rectangular
shaped parcel.” I say if they wouldn’t use “squarely shaped
parcel”—which they don’t—they should
stick with “rectangular shaped.” And now that I’m typing
this, I’m thinking “rectangle shaped parcel” may be even
better.
A. The alternatives using “shaped” are all pretty awkward: rectangle-shaped parcel,
rectangular-shaped parcel, rectangularly shaped parcel. And they’re redundant to boot. “Rectangular
parcel” says it best.
[This answer relies on the 17th edition of CMOS (2017) unless otherwise noted.]
Q. I am editing a short story about Rosa Parks. Should “blacks” be used instead
of “African Americans”? My Australian colleague seems to think that “blacks”
is more socially accepted, but I totally disagree.
A. Since these terms go in and out of fashion and may be regional in their popularity, in this case you should let the author
decide.
[This answer relies on the 17th edition of CMOS (2017) unless otherwise noted.]
Q. Can you advise what part of speech is “cowering” in the following sentence: “They
discovered that she was no cowering little simpleton”? Is it possibly an adjective?
A. Bingo! A participial adjective is indeed cowering in that sentence. Or at least loitering.
[This answer relies on the 17th edition of CMOS (2017) unless otherwise noted.]
Q. In a school application would it be correct to say “At UPenn, I will participate in XYZ club” or “At UPenn, I would participate in XYZ club”? For an applicant who doesn’t yet know whether he will
be admitted, the latter seems correct. Please advise. Thanks.
A. Yes, you’ve put your finger on this subtle difference. UPenn might be impressed by your self-confidence
if you use the “will” construction—or they might just think
you’re arrogant. Good luck!
[This answer relies on the 17th edition of CMOS (2017) unless otherwise noted.]
Q. Hello! When indexing a book that names the same person literally hundreds of times (it’s about this
person’s philosophy), is passim correct in the index? Same Q about his works; some of the famous works are named or referenced dozens, if not hundreds of
times.
A. Imagine yourself using this index to find something. What good is passim? A reader already knows that X is mentioned throughout the book. Professional indexers disagree whether it even makes sense
to have an entry for the main subject of a book, but if you do, it must be broken up into many subentries and possibly sub-subentries,
so readers can find what they’re after. (In fact, any index entry that consists of more than five or
six page numbers should be further broken down into subentries.) Some indexers of biographies create an entry for the person’s
name, but within it they list only passages that relate to the person’s life events (birth, marriage,
death), which could not easily be listed elsewhere in the index. Some indexers also put under the person’s
name “Works. See titles of individual works.” Your questions show that you would profit from learning more about indexing before you go further.
I suggest you read the indexing chapter of CMOS.
[This answer relies on the 17th edition of CMOS (2017) unless otherwise noted.]
Q. I see inconsistent usage in “she is a friend of Bill” versus “she
is a friend of Bill's.” We say “a friend of his,” not “a
friend of him,” so should the possessive control here?
A. Either is fine. The “double possessive” is standard usage, and sometimes it’s
needed to distinguish between, say, a lover of Mozart and a lover of Mozart’s.
[This answer relies on the 17th edition of CMOS (2017) unless otherwise noted.]
Q. A coworker insists “protests against” is never correct because “protests” normally implies someone is against something. I think it depends on context, because one can protest for, say, human rights. Is “protests against” ever correct? I wrote: “A farmer sleeps at a protest against the World Trade Organization in New Delhi.”
A. An inflexible approach to language rarely results in good prose. As it happens, the Latin roots of protest do not imply opposition (pro means “for” or “in favor of”), although English usage has evolved to favor that meaning. Your own counterexample features the noun protest, but you can point your colleague to Webster’s Third International Dictionary, whose definition of the verb protest includes the example “protesting against the morals of the time.”
[This answer relies on the 17th edition of CMOS (2017) unless otherwise noted.]
Q. Is the word “how” necessary in sentences such as “Learn
how to bake breads and cakes”? In some cases, it sounds better with the word “how,”
but it seems unnecessary in this case.
A. Learning to do something isn’t necessarily the same as learning how to do it. If I say “I
learned to turn off my cell phone at the opera during act 4 of Otello while Desdemona was singing that soft, wrenching aria and hoping Otello wouldn’t strangle her,”
it doesn’t mean I was learning how to turn it off. So use the word “how” whenever it’s needed
to make your meaning clear.
[This answer relies on the 17th edition of CMOS (2017) unless otherwise noted.]